Secta est pugna civilis; sicut actores armantur actionibus, et, quasi, gladiis accinguntur, ita rei muniuntur exceptionibus, et defenduntur, quasi, clypeis. fiob. 20. A suit is a civil warfare; for as the plaintiffs are armed with actions, and, as it were, girded with swords, so the defendants are fortified with pleas, and are defended, as it were, by shields.

Lat. In the civil and common law. According to. Occurring in many phrases of familiar use, as follows:

re et probata. According to what is aleged and proved: aecortias to the allegations and proofs. 15 East, 81; Cloutman y. Tunison, 1 Sumn. 875, Fed. Cas. No. 2,907.—Secundum artem. According to the art, trade, business, or science.—Secundum bonos mores. According to good usages; according to established custom; regularly; oy oe eonsuetudinem manorii. ceording to the custom of the manor—Secundum formam charts. According to the form of the charter, ee Papa abet a formam doni. Accordng to the form of the gift or grant. See For- MEDON.—Secundum formam statuti. According to the form of the statute —Sconndum em communecm. According to the common law.—Secundum normam iegis. According to the rule of law; by the intendment and rule of law.—Secundum regulam. According to the rule; by rule—Secundum subjeemateriam. According to the subjectmatter. 1 Bl. Comm. 229. All agreements must be construed secundum subjsectam matertam if the matter will bear it. 2 Mod. 80, arg.